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Table 4 Validation scheme of potential food intake biomarkers for vegetable oils

From: Biomarkers of food intake for nuts and vegetable oils: an extensive literature search

Dietary factor [references]

Compound/metabolite

HMDB ID

Sample type

Criteria

1

2

3a

3b

4

5

6

7

8

Olive oil [128, 133, 134, 141, 142, 157, 158]

Oleic acid

HMDB0000207

Plasma/blood cells

N

U

Y

Y

Y

U

U

Y

U

Olive oil, (extra) virgin [80, 135, 136, 144,145,146,147,148,149,150, 143, 151]

Hydroxytyrosol

HMDB0005784

Urine/plasma

Y

Y

Y

U

Y

U

U

Y

U

Olive oil, (extra) virgin [137, 138, 153,154,155, 152, 156]

Hydroxytyrosol sulfate

–

Urine/plasma

Y

Y

Y

U

Y

Y

U

Y

U

Olive oil, (extra) virgin [139, 140, 155, 156]

Hydroxytyrosol acetate sulfate

–

Urine/plasma

Y

U

Y

U

Y

U

U

Y

U

Olive oil, (extra) virgin [136, 150, 151]

3-O-Methylhydroxytyrosol

–

Urine

Y

Y

U

U

Y

U

U

Y

U

Flaxseed/linseed oil [160,161,162,163,164,165]

α-Linolenic acid

HMDB0001388

Plasma/serum/erythrocytes/platelets

N

Y

U

Y

Y

U

U

Y

U

Rapeseed/canola oil [158, 175,176,177,178, 174, 179]

α-Linolenic acid

HMDB0001388

Plasma/platelets/breast milk

N

Y

Y

U

Y

U

U

Y

U

Sunflower oil [157, 173, 179, 178, 180]

Linoleic acid

HMDB0000673

Plasma/platelets/subcutaneous adipose tissue

N

U

U

U

Y

U

U

Y

U

  1. HMDB human metabolome database, N no, U unknown, Y yes. Criteria: C1—Plausibility, Is the marker compound plausible as a specific BFI for the food or food group?; C2—Dose response, Is there a dose-response relationship at relevant intake levels of the targeted food?; C3—Time response, Is the biomarker kinetics described adequately to make a wise choice of sample type, frequency and time window?; C3a, single dose; C3b, multiple doses; C4, Robustness, Has the marker been shown to be robust after intake of complex meals reflecting the dietary habits of the targeted population?; C5, Reliability, Has the marker been shown to compare well with other markers or questionnaire data for the same food/food group?; C6, Stability, Is the marker chemically and biologically stable during biospecimen collection and storage, making measurements reliable and feasible?; C7, Analytical performance, Are analytical variability (CV%), accuracy, sensitivity and specificity known as adequate for at least one reported analytical method?; C8, Reproducibility, Has the analysis been successfully reproduced in another laboratory?
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Genes & Nutrition

ISSN: 1865-3499

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